FiveBooks Interviews

Donna Dickenson on Body Shopping

The author and activist talks about medical ethics and selects her five top books on the subject. Raises questions as to whether we own our bodies, and what the ethics behind selling human organs really are

Why are you interested in medical ethics?

I think medical ethics is an interesting area for someone with a philosophical and legal background like me because it is an area in which you can actually make a difference. Marx’s dictum that ‘philosophers have analysed the world, but the point is to change it’ is relevant to people working in medical ethics. I also think that the dilemmas of medical ethicists very often highlight deep philosophical problems. In the example of body shopping, I was able to home in on the shocking point that you don’t actually own your body, either philosophically speaking or practically in law. People tend to think you do: they think it’s common sense that your body is yours, when it simply isn’t the case.
 
What is body shopping? 
 
I coined this term to refer to what I think is the commercialisation of the human body. The term is trying to link together a number of instances like egg sales, the private banking of umbilical cord blood, kidney sales, the sale of sperm, and the patenting of the human genome (something like one in five human genes now have a patent, most owned by private firms). What I want to highlight is that we are lacking legal clarification about the relationship we have to our bodies, which is relevant in different ways in each of these cases. I don’t necessarily think that clarification means that we should change the laws so that we ‘own’ our bodies in the conventional sense of property. This materialist attitude creates a number of problems, exploitation for example. After the Asian tsunami in 2004, there were a whole series of reports where Indian women, mostly villagers whose husbands had lost their fishing boats, sold their kidneys for money. These people were left much unhealthier than they were before, and had in my view been grossly exploited.
 
Are there not good reasons for allowing people to sell their bodies if the industry is properly regulated?
 
Well, some people say that things like patenting the human genome are necessary for scientific research, which I think is debatable. There is a lot of evidence that the patents are actually blocking scientific research in cases where researchers can’t get hold of the patents, which are owned by a different company. This means that they can’t then do research on a particular gene, or on a drug which targets a particular gene.
 
Let’s talk about your first book by Henry David Thoreau, Walden.
 
Walden is a book that I have loved since I was 14 or 15. I actually grew up in New England, where Thoreau writes Walden from, so I suppose the book has a special resonance for me. Thoreau sets out as a young man to investigate how simply he could live. The book is about his awareness that, even in 1845, America was already becoming highly commercialised. He discusses how the original ideals that America was founded on were being compromised, and how massive industrial interests were starting to dominate. This is a trend which has continued to the present day, and is an important theme relating to my own interest in bioethics, with the commercialisation of the human body.
 
And what does he identify as the biggest problem with commercialisation?
 

Thoreau isn’t writing a political tract, but rather a pithily written and often humorous personal account. He is probably the greatest English prose stylist of his day, if not of ours, not least because many of his central points are expressed as epigrams, aphorisms or parables. His thinking about commercialisation is also put in that fashion, with a fantastical metaphor of a farmer neighbour whom he met walking down the road, pushing his barn before him. It encapsulates Thoreau’s strong sense that the once independent American character was being simultaneously overloaded and undermined by acquisitiveness and consumerism.

Your next book, The Shock Doctrine, is also a critique of American society. Tell us about the book. 

 
Naomi Klein’s argument is that capitalism actually requires shocks to the economic systems. Economic management, she argues, is not about stabilising the economic system, but actually undermining it so that it can be ‘rescued’ by capitalist interests. It is the fact that she can apply her theory to such a wide range of areas that I admire, her weaving together of apparently disparate phenomena – this is what I try to do with the buzzing and confusing world of modern biotechnology, which I present as united by the process of the commodification of the human body.
 
What is the most interesting example she uses in the book?
 

It’s probably a bit predictable to choose her analysis of the Iraq war, but that is very telling. Klein argues that the war wasn’t caused just by what many critics saw as Bush’s monomania or Blair’s toadying. Nor was it merely a matter of ‘one-word answers’ like ‘oil’ or ‘Israel’. Instead, she sees the war as being about the deliberate destruction of the Iraqi economy and infrastructure so that Western firms could move in to win lucrative contracts and penetrate the closed economies of the Middle East. It was an entirely rational doctrine, she argues, the ‘shock doctrine’: just an evil one.

Your next book, Tissue Economies, is more directly about medical ethics. What does the book argue?

 

Waldby and Mitchell, like Naomi Klein, present a wide-ranging argument, which in their case applies to a number of areas in biotechnology.

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About Donna Dickenson

The author and activist writes on medical ethics, the study of morality and ethics as applied to medicine. Her latest book, Body Shopping, is about the market for human tissue and the ethical issues involved in buying and selling the parts of the human body. Are we the legal owners of our own bodies? Can blood be privatised? Body shopping for human organs is a shocking experience and the medical ethics slippery.

Donna Dickenson’s Recommendations

Books by Donna Dickenson