In thinking about identity in South Africa, you’ve chosen books that are very different from the more journalistic books about the country that you write yourself. The first book you’ve chosen is a novel about African women.

It’s about an old white woman and her young black maid, Agaat – about their relationship and what happens between them. That’s the basic story but there are extraordinary things happening allegorically. If you look at the cultural artefacts that these women are fighting over, are communicating over, they are bastion symbols of Afrikanerdom – farming, because the white women farm, and tapestry and sewing, which was the domain of the Afrikaner white woman. These are the things that Agaat has taken over. There’s something very subtle and complicated going on at an allegorical level. What’s happening is that these white artefacts are being lost, are being taken over by black people. That’s the one side of the story, losing these things to a black person. But the other side of the story is that to be free and to be black is to be stuck with white artefacts, using them against white people. There is a very murky and quite cynical idea of what freedom means in South Africa today.

This theme of identity being lost or confused is also there to some extent in your next choice.

Well, the Karel Schoeman is a much older novel. It was written in the early 1980s in Afrikaans and it’s a historical novel, set in the 1870s before South Africa existed, in the [Orange] Free State. The central character is a Dutchman, a very refined, learned, late middle aged, bourgeois Dutchman, who comes to South Africa for the air because he has TB. The novel is the process of his dying, and his bewilderment at this very strange African wilderness and strange white society he finds himself in while he dies. And again there is a very subtle allegory going on, which is really about whether it is possible to be white and to live and die in Africa. All the observations about this strange colonial outpost are of things that are out of joint.

What kind of thing?

Well, the priest gives a sermon in Dutch which would embarrass a Dutchman. These white people are losing their language. There’s an orchestral ensemble in the evening and it’s very crude music that would be an embarrassment in the slums of Europe. So, he’s wondering what it means to be white in Africa, whether one shrivels up and loses ones culture and dies or whether something can flourish. By the end of the novel, by the time he’s almost dead, he has developed some kind of relationship with the landscape, which is part spiritual and mystical, but it’s about acceptance, it’s about being able to die on this foreign continent. This was a novel written at the height of apartheid so it’s allegorically about quite profound things for white people. At a very subtle level it’s a kind of acknowledgement that white supremacy is going to die at some stage and questions whether whites can live beyond it.

Can they? How do you feel about being a white African?

I think it remains an open question in South Africa. I think white culture in South Africa at the moment is very much an instance of global middle class culture. I think that whites are now more migrant and less rooted. Thirty years ago in the census, 60% of whites described themselves as Afrikaans-speaking. Today it’s 40%. The people who were Afrikaans-speaking are now English-speaking and the reason is that people feel less South African and more global generic middle class. Their relation to the country is becoming more tactical and more tentative.

Your next choice is about a black person’s attempt to adapt to the new South Africa.

Yes, The Heart of Redness is set in the early post-apartheid period and it’s about a black man who is in exile and he comes home and finds that he isn’t sufficiently connected to the new elite to do well. He goes off to a rural province in the Eastern Cape in pursuit of a girl to try and make a life there. This story is intertwined with another story, an old very famous historical story in South Africa which took place in the mid-19^th century. A young prophetess, Nongqawuse, prophesied that if all black people killed their cattle, the black ancestors would rise up and chase white people out of Africa and they would be free. Her prophesy was heeded and thousands upon thousands of people killed their cattle and ended up starving to death. It was a psychotic moment in South African history and had a terrible lot of repercussions in terms of how black people greeted colonialism. It was a deep deep tragedy which resonated down the ages and has so much relevance at every moment of South African history. Mda takes this psychotic story and makes something playful, difficult and uncomfortable about it. In the present Eastern Cape to which his character returns, people are divided into believers and non-believers and the believers are those who believe that the prophecy was correct and the non-believers think she was a superstitious fool and they want to modernise South Africa. Mda plays with categories and in the end he does not show who is right and who is wrong, whether he is on the side of tradition or of modernisation.