Mary Elise Sarotte on 1989

Tell me about your first choice, The Turn: From the Cold War to a New Era by Don Oberdorfer.

Don Oberdorfer is a journalist who spent many years with The Washington Post. The Turn is not a new book; it came out in 1991. There are more recent books by journalists, but I really like this one, because he was present at a number of the key events and he did a good job of documenting what was significant and then pulling it together immediately afterwards. 

So, if you ask me for just one book to give you the narrative of events, I actually would still recommend this one. He is particularly good on international relations. This topic is a key part of the story of 1989 and 1990; it is hard to understand what happened if you look at just one country. Obviously, it is interesting to look at divided Germany when the Berlin Wall comes down, but you have to put that in the context of Solidarity coming to power in Poland, Mikhail Gorbachev and his reforms in the Soviet Union, and how the United States reacted, and how France reacted. You need to understand the actions of a lot of different countries.

And that is what your book, 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War europe looks at as well – this idea, that there wasn’t one straightforward outcome. 

Yes, I think that Oberdorfer’s book is a good first cut of history. The theme of multiple potential futures going forward from 1989-1990 is something that I tried to develop further in my own book. 

Let’s move on to Anatoly Chernyaev’s My Six Years with Gorbachev, which has been translated and edited by Robert English and Elizabeth Tucker. 

To put this title in context: if I were giving you a longer list of recommended books, it would include many in foreign languages, as well as collections of original documents from the time, and various memoirs such as this one. An honest memoir, written by someone of significance, who either has some documents or notes taken at the time, is always a valuable resource.

I usually hesitate to recommend translations because you lose some of the original flow, but this is a very interesting book and English-language readers are fortunate to have this skilfully translated version. Anatoly Chernyaev was one of Gorbachev’s top foreign policy aides. He kept a diary which has since been summarised into this memoir, translated by some very capable experts who are good at giving added value through detail and explanation. So, if you are interested in understanding Gorbachev, this is one way to get into his mind, so to speak: through the diary of one of his closest advisers, who spent six years working with him.

And what types of things were going through Gorbachev’s mind at this critical time?

Well, it becomes apparent that, on the one hand, he is very optimistic. He has great hopes that he can reform the Soviet Union. But it is also apparent that he feels embattled. By the end he only trusts a very few people (with some justification, because in 1991 there was a coup against him). So, this book is by one of the people who was part of his inner circle and was privy to his thoughts. 

Before we move on to the next book, what is it about 1989 that you find so fascinating?

I am a historian of international relations in the modern period, which all too often means I am an historian of war. I wanted to write a book about what I thought was a happy ending – a peaceful ending to the thermonuclear stand-off between the superpowers. So that was why I started to write the book. And, of course, when you start writing a book and doing the work, it becomes more and more interesting, because surprises start to pop up.

What became apparent to me, surprisingly, is that 1989 is really a Janus-faced story. On the one hand you have this wonderfully peaceful ending to the conflict that could have ended in nuclear war, but on the other, you have missed opportunities afterwards. The ending could have been a lot worse, but it could have been a lot better if there had been more of an outreach to Russia at the end of the cold war. 

Another complete surprise that emerged while I was researching the book was the way in which the origins of NATO expansion got tied up with German reunification. Up until I wrote this book, the general assumption was that NATO expansion started in the mid 90s with the Clinton administration; but I found a great deal of evidence showing that the Bush administration in 1990 anticipated it, so that was a real surprise to me. It became a priority of the United States to keep NATO’s options open. That kind of big surprise comes up when you research a book. 

Your next choice is one of the many personal accounts that have come out of 1989, After the Wall by Jana Hensel. 

This is an English translation of a memoir that came out in Germany. The title in German is much more evocative; it is called Children of the Zone, a reference to the fact that East Germany started life as the Soviet zone of occupation in divided Germany. 

The book was a bestseller in Germany but also a very controversial one. The author was a teenager and living in East Germany at the time the wall came down.